Article credentials

Original Research

Employability of Technical-Vocational-Livelihood Senior High School Graduates: The Influence of Demographic Factors at Passi National High School

Business Fora: Business and Allied Industries International Journal

ISSN Online: 3028-1334 | Print: 3028-1326

Volume 8 | Issue 1 | 2026 | 15 – 28

Kristel Kaye O. Ortizo1, ORCID 0009 - 0005 - 9944- 9047

Brian P. Focbit 2, ORCID No. 0009 - 0006- 7871- 2595

1Master of Arts in Educational Management , Iloilo State University of Fisheries Science and Technology, Iloilo, Philippines
2BSHM Program Chair, Iloilo State University of Fisheries Science and Technology – San Enrique Campus, Iloilo, Philippines

Article History:

Initial submission: 08 April 2026
First decision: 13 April 2026
Revision received: 29 April 2026
Accepted for publication: 05 May 2026
Online release: 11 May 2026

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Abstract

This study assessed the employability of Technical – Vocational – Livelihood (TVL) Senior High School graduates in Passi National High , Poblacion Ilaya, Passi City, Iloilo, Philippines . It also examined how demographic characteristics , such as age, sex, and year graduated , influence employment outcomes. A total of 300 graduates from the school year 2021 to 2024 cohorts participated in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, One – Way ANOVA, and Independent Samples t – test to determine levels o f employability and significant differences across demographic profiles. Results revealed that the majority of graduates fall under the Low Employability category, with slightly higher employability observed among older graduates (20 –21 years), female grad uates, and those who graduated earlier (2021). Significant differences were found in employability across age, sex, and year graduated, indicating that demographic factors influence workforce readiness. These findings align with both local and internationa l studies highlighting the role of maturity, work immersion experience, and soft skills in enhancing employability. The study underscores the need for enhanced career guidance, expanded work immersion opportunities, soft skills development, and continuous skills enhancement to improve employment outcomes. Strengthening partnerships with industry and community stakeholders and implementing systematic monitoring of graduate employment are also recommended to bridge the gap between technical – vocational educati on and labor market demands.

Keywords: employability, TVL graduates, Senior High School, work immersion, demographic factors, career preparedness

Cite this article

APA (7th edition)

Ortizo, K. K. O. (2026). Employability of Technical-Vocational-Livelihood Senior High School graduates of Passi National High School: The influence of demographic factors. Business Fora: Business and Allied Industries International Journal, 7(1), 000–000. https://doi.org/10.62718/vmca.bf-baiij.7.1.SC-0426-005.

Author contributions

Kristel Kaye Ortizo: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Brian Focbit: Resources

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Institutional ethics review statement

This study involved human respondents; however, formal ethical approval was not sought from the authors’ institution. The authors affirm that participation was voluntary, informed consent was obtained, and confidentiality of responses was strictly maintain ed. No procedures were undertaken that posed risk or harm to the participants.

Data availability statement

All data supporting the findings of this study are included within the manuscript and its supplementary materials.

Declaration of generative AI use/assistance

AI- assisted language editing was performed; authors reviewed and approved all contents.

Acknowledgement

– (Not available).

Publisher’s disclaimer

The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. The publisher disclaims any responsibility for errors or omissions.

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