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PEDAGOGY REVIEW
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Original Research
Leadership Strategies, Challenges, and Level of Effectiveness in Implementing School Based Management Among Elementary Schools In Viga East and West Districts
Pedagogy Review: An International Journal of Educational Theories, Approaches and Strategies
Volume 7 | Issue 1 | 2026 | 85 – 99
Marites D. Sanchez1, ORCID No. 0009-0000-3778-8338
Pedrito Jose V. Bermudo2, EdD, PhD, ORCID No. 0000-0002-5944-7128
Engr. Johnmar F. Cordial3, PhD, ORCID No. 0000-0003-4151-1934
1School Principal 1, Quezon Elementary School, Viga West District Division of Catanduanes, Catanduanes, Philippines
2College of Business Administration Dean & Research Director, Catanduanes Colleges, Catanduanes, Philippines
3Faculty Member, Catanduanes State University–Panganiban Campus, Panganiban, Catanduanes, Philippines
Article History:
Initial submission: 28 November 2025
First decision: 30 November 2025
Revision received: 09 February 2026
Accepted for publication: 20 February 2026
Online release: 26 February 2026
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Abstract
Effective leadership is widely recognized as a critical factor in the success of School-Based Management (SBM), particularly in decentralized education systems where school heads are tasked with decision-making, resource allocation, and stakeholder engagement. Despite extensive research on SBM implementation, most studies have focused on well-resourced and urban contexts, leaving limited understanding of how leadership strategies function in geographically isolated, resource-constrained elementary schools. Addressing this gap, the present study investigated the leadership strategies, challenges, and level of effectiveness in implementing SBM among elementary schools in the Viga East and West Districts, Philippines. Employing a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected from 143 respondents, including school heads and teachers, through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Leadership strategies examined included participative decision-making, instructional leadership, resource mobilization, and vision-setting, while challenges were assessed across limited stakeholder engagement, inadequate training and capacity building, insufficient resources, and resistance to change. SBM effectiveness was evaluated in terms of improved learning outcomes, transparency and accountability, stakeholder involvement, and program sustainability. Findings revealed highly observed leadership strategies, moderate challenges, and high SBM effectiveness. Correlation analyses indicated that leadership strategies strongly influenced SBM outcomes, while effective management of challenges further enhanced program implementation. These results underscore the importance of adaptive, context-responsive leadership in resource-constrained rural schools and provide actionable recommendations for policy and practice to strengthen decentralized governance and educational outcomes.
Keywords: School-Based Management, leadership strategies, implementation challenges, SBM effectiveness, rural elementary schools, Philippines
Cite this article
APA (7th edition)
Sanchez, M. D., Bermudo, P. J. V., & Cordial, J. F. (2026). Leadership strategies, challenges, and level of effectiveness in implementing school-based management among elementary schools in Viga East and West Districts. Pedagogy Review: An International Journal of Educational Theories, Approaches and Strategies, 7(1), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.62718/vmca.pr-ijetas.7.1.SC-1225-005
Author contributions
Marites Del Valle Sanchez – Conceptualization, Validation, Resources, Data Curation, Project Administration;
Pedrito Jose V. Bermudo – Methodology, Formal Analysis, Writing Original Draft, Investigation;
Johnmar F. Cordial – Software, Writing – review and Editing.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Institutional ethics review statement
This study involved human respondents; however, formal ethical approval was not sought from the authors’ institution. The authors affirm that participation was voluntary, informed consent was obtained, and confidentiality of responses was strictly maintained. No procedures were undertaken that posed risk or harm to the participants.
Data availability statement
All data supporting the findings of this study are included within the manuscript and its supplementary materials.
Declaration of generative AI use/assistance
AI-assisted language editing was performed using ChatGPT; authors reviewed approved all content.
Acknowledgement
– (Not applicable).
Publisher’s disclaimer
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. The publisher disclaims any responsibility for errors or omissions.